Published: 15 November 2019

Economic benefit analysis of low-level high vacuum compaction method from the perspective of low carbon

Liangrong Yuan1
Menglan Song2
1, 2Anhui Sanlian University, Hefei, 230601, China
Corresponding Author:
Liangrong Yuan
Views 58
Reads 29
Downloads 1137

Abstract

In order to discuss the superiorities of High Vacuum Drubbing Means (HVDM) in soft foundation treatment of roads, this paper takes the soft foundation treatment project of Wucheng Road in Wuwei County of Wanjiang City Belt in China as an example. By comparing and analyzing the economic benefit differences between HVDM method and traditional powder injection pile method in soft soil foundation treatment, the following conclusions are drawn: Low-level high-vacuum compaction method soft base processing method is better than traditional powder-jet pile method in soft foundation treatment. The method can better reduce the consumption of raw materials such as cement and stone, avoid the pollution of the social environment caused by cement production, shorten the construction period by about 50 % and save the direct labor cost. Compared with the traditional powder-sprayed pile method, total cost of the project can be saved by more than 30 % and the construction quality is controllable. The construction process is green and its social and economic benefits are remarkable.

Economic benefit analysis of low-level high vacuum compaction method from the perspective of low carbon

Highlights

  • The new construction method introduced in this paper realizes the application of compaction and ramming in silt soil with large deposition thickness.
  • HVDM can shorten the construction period by about 50% and save the direct labor cost by more than 30% compared with the traditional powder-sprayed pile method.
  • HVDM can shorten the construction period by about 50% and save the direct labor cost by more than 30% compared with the traditional powder-sprayed pile method.

1. Introduction

With the rapid development of China’s social economy, road construction and bridge construction have played an important role in promoting regional economic development and will become the norm state of social and economic construction. However, there are some shortcomings in traditional road soft foundation treatment methods, such as long construction period, high cost, impacting natural landscape, destroying ecological environment. In addition, it will directly or indirectly cause air, soil and water pollution and lead to various geological disasters. Obviously, this traditional road soft foundation treatment method with high pollution, high cost and high risk needs to be improved and innovated urgently.

Low-level high vacuum compaction method is a new technology for fast consolidation of soft soil foundation. It mainly achieves the purpose of reducing soil water content, improving soil compactness and bearing capacity, reducing post-construction settlement and differential settlement of foundation through several times of high vacuum differential pressure drainage and several times of suitable variable energy compaction. This method combines the two processes of rapid high vacuum drainage and densification organically and circulates many times, forming the unique mechanism of low-level high vacuum densification. The low-level high vacuum compaction method is suitable for foundations with large natural water content, small compression modulus and low load carrying capacity, such as deep silt layer, silty soil, soft filling soil, miscellaneous filling and other high compressibility soft soil and so on. The application of low-level high vacuum compaction method [1-13] can not only reduce the environmental pollution caused by cement slurry and dust generated by traditional construction methods, but also reduce the amount of cement used, thereby reducing the large amount of industrial wastewater and exhaust gas discharged during the exploitation and production of raw cement resources to achieve the purpose of protecting water resources and ecological environment.

Low-level and high-vacuum compaction is a new construction method. Li Jingpei and Ma Yuan [14] selected some sections of Wujiang Renmin Road as examples to analyze the reinforcement effect of high-vacuum compaction method; Huang Xiaozhi [15] discussed the key points and methods of supervision and control of soft foundation treatment by low-level and high-vacuum stratified compaction method; Dubey R. S. [16] studied the construction vacuum dewatering method of rigid pavement. At present, researchers at home and abroad mainly focus on introducing the principle, improving the construction method, comparing the reinforcement effect with traditional construction method and discussing its construction technology. However, there is a lack of analysis and research on the construction cost, economic benefits and social benefits of low-level high vacuum compaction method. Taking Wucheng Road soft foundation treatment project in Wuwei County of Wanjiang City Belt as an example, the economic and social benefits of low-level high vacuum compaction method and traditional dry jet pile method in dealing with bad subgrade are studied and analysed in this paper.

2. Economic benefit analysis

2.1. The basis of calculating standards

The calculation criteria are implemented according to relevant policies and documents such as Anhui Municipal Engineering Budget Estimate Quota, as follows:

– National Unified Municipal Engineering Budget Quota Valuation Table of Anhui Province (2000);

– The engineering rate standard refers to “Anhui Municipal Engineering Cost Quota” (2000);

– The unit price of quota labor fee shall be executed in accordance with No. 16 of Construction Cost Management General Station of Anhui Province (2013);

– Taxes for construction projects are calculated on the basis of No. 26 of Construction Cost Management General Station of Anhui Province (2011);

– Prices of materials and equipment are included according to local market inquiries;

– Relevant documents promulgated by Wuhu Urban and Rural Construction Committee and Construction Cost Management Station.

2.2. Direct cost of DJM pile method

Powder-jet pile method [17-19] uses powder solidifying agent to mix soft foundation. Using cement, lime and other raw materials as the main solidifying agent, soft soil and solidifying agent (slurry and powder) are forced to mix in situ by special mixing machine, and a series of physical and chemical reactions between solidifying agent and soft soil are used to make soft soil into a foundation of high quality with integrity, water stability and certain strength.

2.2.1. Quantities

Wuwei County Wucheng Road Soft Foundation Project is about 1100 m long, 40 m wide and 44,000 m2 treated area. According to the design scheme, the design height of the top surface of the roadbed and the calculation of the road plane design plan, 43442 powder-sprayed piles are required for the motor lane, non-motor lane and sidewalk of this section. And the pile length is about 370593.2 m, the cleaning surface is 116958.697 m3, while the filling volume is 1152.592 m3, of which about 77202.564 m3 is hill-skin stone backfill, about 33284.694 m3 is graded gravel, and the plain earth backfill and two-way fiberglass geogrid is 4515.334 m3and 43560 m2respectively. Fig. 1 shows the cross-sectional plan of foundation treatment in the Eighth Road Standard Section. The boundary lines of foundation treatment are 2m out of the road red line and the foundation treatment width of the standard section is 44m. The boundary lines of foundation treatment in the non-standard section are also controlled according to the above principles.

Fig. 1Planning standard cross-sectional map of foundation treatment of eighth road sign (dimensions in meters except indicated)

Planning standard cross-sectional map of foundation treatment  of eighth road sign (dimensions in meters except indicated)

2.2.2. Project direct cost

According to the above calculation criteria, it can be seen that DJM pile (d= 50 cm, cement content 60 kg/m) is 55 yuan/m, Hill pebble backfilling is 89.7 yuan/m3, two-way glass fiber geogrid is 15.87 yuan/m2, graded gravel backfilling is 134.55 yuan/m3, plain soil backfilling is 31.45 yuan/m3, surface cleaning is 26.85 yuan/m3, the distance between abandoned party and debit party is 5 km. The preliminary design budget for the treatment of soft foundation by dry jet grouting pile in Wucheng Road is shown in Table 1.

Table 1Preliminary design budget for soft ground treatment of Wucheng road (DJM pile method)

Serial number
Entry name
Company
Quantities
Unit price (yuan)
Total (10,000 yuan)
Remarks
1
Surface cleaning
m3
116958.70
26.85
314.03
Give up 5 km on the outside
2
d= 50 cm Powder jet pile
m
370593.20
55.00
2038.26
Cement content is 60kg/m
3
Graded macadam backfilling
m3
33284.69
134.55
447.85
Pile Top Cushion/Leveling Layer
4
Bidirectional fiberglass geogrid
m2
43560.00
15.87
69.13
Leveling layer
5
Backfilling of hillside stones
m3
77202.56
89.70
692.51
6
Prime soil backfill
m3
4515.33
31.45
14.20
Excavation, 5 km borrowing and compaction
7
Total
3575.98

The total direct cost of soft foundation treatment with DJM piles is 35.7598 million yuan, and the unit cost is 35.7598 million yuan/(1,100 m×40 m/10,000) = 812.72 yuan/m2.

2.3. Direct cost of low and high vacuum densification

2.3.1. Quantities

According to the scheme and the calculation of the design height of the top surface of the roadbed, the engineering quantities are as follows: the cleaning surface is 66107.8 m3; the backfilling volume of hilly stones is about 36059 m3; the plastic drainage board is 417347 m without portal frame bag sand rig; the geotextile is 66107.8 m2; the vacuum film is 135.6 m2; the full ramming energy of dynamic compaction soil foundation is less than 120 kN·m, ramming once, and the soft foundation area of repeated ramming hammer at each position is 60098 m2; The tamping energy of base point is less than 2000 kN·m, the number of tamping points per 100 m2 is less than 12, and the soft foundation area is 18094 m2 with repeated tamping times less than 4 times at each tamping point.

Table 2Preliminary design budget for soft subgrade treatment of Wucheng road (low-level high vacuum densification method)

Serial number
Entry name
Company
Quantities
Unit Price (yuan)
Total (10,000 yuan)
Remarks
1
Surface cleaning
m3
66107.80
26.85
177.50
Give up 5 km on the outside
2
Sand floor
m2
60098.00
63.93
384.21
Thick 20cm
3
Dig trenches
m3
4620.00
5.66
2.61
4
Dig earth
m3
9240.00
3.95
3.65
5
Plastic drainage board
m
417347.00
11.48
479.11
Sand-filling Machine without Portal Frame
6
Construction precipitation
m2
60098.00
7.70
46.28
Light well point
7
Vacuum membrane
m2
132215.60
8.10
107.09
8
Geotextiles
m2
66107.80
8.10
53.55
9
Point tamping of dynamic compaction soil foundation
m2
180294.00
21.50
387.63
The tamping energy is less than 2000 kN.m, the number of tamping points per 100 m 2 is less than 12 points, and the number of repeated tamping times per point is less than 4 times.
10
Full compaction of dynamic compaction soil foundation
m2
60098.00
9.26
55.65
Tamping energy < 1200 kN.m, tamping once, tamping twice per tamping point
11
Vacuum preloading period
m2
60098.00
75.00
450.74
2 months
12
Backfilling of hillside stones
m3
36059.00
89.70
323.45
Total
2471.47

2.3.2. Project direct cost

The direct cost of the low-level high-vacuum compaction method consists of cleaning the road surface, strong tamp, precipitation, etc. The calculation standard is based on the above.

According to the above calculation criteria, plastic drainage plate without portal frame bag sand rig 11.48 yuan/m, geotextile 8.10 yuan/m2, vacuum film 8.10 yuan/m2, dynamic compaction soil base full compaction 9.26 yuan/m2, dynamic compaction soil base point compaction 21.5 yuan/m2, light well point construction dewatering 7.7 yuan/m2; sand bottom 63.93 yuan/m2; vacuum preloading period (2 months) 75 yuan/m2. The preliminary design budget of high vacuum compaction treatment for soft foundation of Wucheng Road is shown in Table 2.

The total direct cost of soft foundation treatment by low-level and high vacuum compaction method is 24.717 million yuan, and the unit cost is 24.7147 million yuan/(1,100 m×40 m/10,000) = 561.7 yuan/m2.

2.4. Contrastive analysis of economic benefits between low-level high vacuum densification method and powder jet pile method

2.4.1. Direct cost comparison

Taking Wucheng Road soft foundation treatment project in Wuwei County of Wanjiang City Belt as an example (1100 m long, 40 m wide and 44,000 m2 engineering volume), high vacuum compaction soft foundation treatment method is adopted instead of traditional dry jet pile method. The direct cost comparison analysis results are shown in Figure 2.

Fig. 2 shows that the direct cost per unit of DJM pile soft foundation treatment method is 812.72 yuan/m2, while the corresponding part of low-level high vacuum compaction method is 561.70 yuan/m2. Compared with the traditional construction method, the unit direct cost of the low-level high vacuum compaction method is reduced by 251.03 yuan/m2, and the direct cost of the project is saved by 30.89 %. That is to say, if the case engineering uses the low-level high vacuum compaction method instead of the powder jet mixing pile to treat the soft foundation, the project will save 11.4451 million yuan in direct cost.

Fig. 2Direct cost comparison of powder-jet pile method and low-level high vacuum compaction method

Direct cost comparison of powder-jet pile method and low-level high vacuum compaction method

The low-level and high vacuum compaction method has replaced the traditional method to deal with the bad roadbed. It has been used in the Yangxiang Road Project of Wuwei County in Anhui Province, the Eighth Road Project of Wuhu City Planning, the Second Phase Project of Jiangbei Industrial Concentration Area in Anhui Province, the Second Phase Extension Project of Jiangbei Industrial Concentration Area in Anhui Province, the Third Phase Project of Jiangbei Industrial Concentration Area in Anhui Province and Jiangnan Industrial Concentration Area in Anhui Province. It has been successfully applied in at least 6 projects. The basic situation of engineering application is shown in Table 3.

From Table 3, it can be seen that six soft foundation projects, such as Yangxiang Road Project in Wuwei County, Wanjiang City, Anhui Province, have a treatment area of 9717.11 million m2. The project cost [20, 21] of powder-jet pile method and low-level high vacuum compaction method are 789 million yuan and 545 million yuan respectively. By replacing the traditional method with the low-level high vacuum tamping method, only the above six engineering applications can save 244 million yuan of direct cost, with extremely significant economic benefits. According to the statistics bulletin of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction in 2016, as shown in Fig. 3, the total length of roads has increased by 20.771 million kilometers and the total area of roads has increased by 39.68 billion square meters in recent years.

Table 3Basic situation of application of low-level high vacuum compaction soft foundation treatment project in Anhui

Serial number
Engineering name
Length (m)
Width (m)
Engineering area
(10,000 m2)
Powder jet pile method (10000 yuan)
Low-level high vacuum densification method
(10,000 yuan)
Cost savings (10,000 yuan)
1
Yangxiang Road Project of Wuwei County South New Town
1986.7
36
7.15212
5812.69
4017.33
1795.36
2
Planning of the Eighth Road Project in Wuhu City
4641.353
44
20.4219
16597.38
11470.96
5126.42
3
Phase II of Jiangbei Industrial Concentration Zone in Anhui Province: Hehe Road, Heping Road and Wanjiang Avenue
3340
46
15.3640
12486.67
8629.92
3856.75
4
Second Extension Section of Jiangbei Industrial Concentration Zone in Anhui Province: Heyue Road, He
3799
38
14.4362
11732.63
8108.78
3623.85
5
Three Phases of Jiangbei Industrial Concentration Zone in Anhui Province: Changhe Road, Xinshen Road, Xinxing Road and Harmony Road
2338
32
7.4816
6080.47
4202.40
1878.07
6
Jiangnan Industrial Concentration Zone in Anhui Province: Chizhou Avenue and Yingbin Avenue
4252
76
32.3152
26263.29
18151.37
8111.92
Total
97.1711
78973.13
54580.76
24392.37

From the statistical chart, we can see that the road area increases linearly every year. The data are linearly fitted by Excel. The result shows that the linear relationship between the road area and the year is y=38057x-7596.7, that is, the average additional road area is 380570 million square meters per year. The results are shown in Fig. 4.

The difference of direct cost between the two methods is 251.03 yuan/m2 (812.72 yuan/m2-561.7 yuan/m2). Assuming that 10 % of the new roads are treated by low-level and high vacuum compaction instead of traditional methods, the average annual investment will be saved by 388.1 billion m2×25.103 billion yuan / m2 = 9.564 billion yuan, which is about 380.57×10 % = 0.3805.7 billion m2 taking 0.38 billion m2.

Fig. 3Statistical map of urban road construction by ministry of construction in 2016

Statistical map of urban road construction by ministry of construction in 2016
Statistical map of urban road construction by ministry of construction in 2016

Fig. 4Linear fitting map of urban road area for urban and rural construction of the ministry of construction in 2016

Linear fitting map of urban road area for urban and rural construction  of the ministry of construction in 2016

2.4.2. Contrast of environmental protection benefits

According to the introduction of China Academy of Environmental Sciences and China Cement Association, the cement industry is a key polluting industry, and the problems of resource consumption and ecological destruction are prominent. Carbon emission in cement production is second only to that in electric power industry. Particulate matter emission accounts for 20-30 % of the national particulate matter emission, and sulfur dioxide emission accounts for 5-6 % of the national emissions. Fluorite is added to some shaft kilns to reduce burning heat consumption, and fluorine pollution in surrounding areas will also be caused.

According to relevant information, about 110 kWh of electricity is needed for every ton of cement production. Electric power consumption in cement production can produce indirect CO2 emissions. According to the data released by the competent national authorities, the indirect CO2 emissions from electric power consumption in cement production are about 728 kg/t.

The cement consumption per square meter for soft foundation treatment by dry jet pile method is 505 kg, or 0.505 tons. The electricity price of cement industry is generally 0.8 yuan/kWh, the charge of CO2 emission is 60 yuan/ton, and the standard coal is 400 yuan/ton. Thus the energy consumption per square meter is 89.73 yuan (110×0.8+0.728×60+0.115×400)×0.505 tons/m2.

It can be seen that the promotion of low-level high vacuum densification method will greatly reduce the consumption of natural ore and fuel, significantly reduce the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions per unit project, while saving a large number of comprehensive environmental protection treatment costs, resulting in considerable environmental benefits. The environmental benefits of the above six soft foundation projects are shown in Table 4.

1) Low-level high vacuum compaction method has been successfully applied in at least six projects, such as Yangxiang Road Project in Wuwei County, Wanjiang City Belt, Anhui Province, with an area of 9717.11 million m2 and an additional environmental benefit of 87.191 million yuan (9717.11 million m2 ×89.73 yuan/m2).

2) According to the statistical bulletin of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction on urban-rural construction, a linear fitting is made. It can be seen that in recent years, about 381 million m2 of new road area has been added every year. Assuming that 10 % of the new roads in China need foundation treatment every year, the average annual environmental benefit will be 344563.2 billion yuan (381 million m2 × 10 %×89.73 yuan/m2).

Table 4Environmental benefits of application of low-level high vacuum densification soft foundation treatment project in Anhui province

Serial number
Engineering name
Engineering area
Powder
jet pile method
Low vacuum densification method
Direct benefit
Environmental benefits
(m2)
(10000 yuan)
(10000 yuan)
(10000 yuan)
(10000 yuan)
1
Yangxiang Road Project of Wuwei County South New Town
71521.2
5812.69
4017.33
1795.36
641.76
2
Planning of the Eighth Road Project in Wuhu City
204219.53
16597.38
11470.96
5126.42
1832.46
3
Phase II of Jiangbei Industrial Concentration Zone in Anhui Province: Hehe Road, Heping Road and Wanjiang Avenue
153640
12486.67
8629.92
3856.75
1378.61
4
Second Extension Section of Jiangbei Industrial Concentration Zone in Anhui Province: Heyue Road, Heyue Road and Changhen Road
144362
11732.63
8108.78
3623.85
1295.36
5
Three Phases of Jiangbei Industrial Concentration Zone in Anhui Province: Changhe Road, Xinshen Road, Xinxing Road and Harmony Road
74816
6080.47
4202.4
1878.07
671.32
6
Jiangnan Industrial Concentration Zone in Anhui Province: Chizhou Avenue and Yingbin Avenue
323152
26263.29
18151.37
8111.92
2899.64
Total
971710.73
78973.13
54580.76
24392.37
8719.16

3. Social benefit analysis

3.1. Conform to national policy, cater to development and build a resource-saving country

“Entering the ecological civilization and building a beautiful China” is an important part of the Chinese nation's realization of the Chinese dream. In accordance with the concept of respecting, conforming to and protecting nature, China will implement the basic national policy of saving resources and protecting the environment, and support and encourage the conservation and comprehensive utilization of resources. Therefore, it is in line with the requirements of the development of the times to actively promote the new technology of low-level and high-vacuum compaction and the new technology of soft foundation treatment.

3.2. Reducing pollution and beautifying environment and constructing an environment-friendly society

Ecological civilization emphasizes respecting and protecting nature, so as to realize sustainable development of economy and society. Using low-level High Vacuum Densification Method to treat soft foundation can not only save natural resources for municipal road construction, but also effectively reduce harmful gas and water pollution from cement production. Moreover, it can reduce the pollution caused by dust, enhance people's awareness of environmental protection and energy conservation, and promote economic growth and coordinated development of environmental protection.

4. Conclusions

In this paper, the low-level high vacuum compaction method is used to replace the traditional powder-jet pile method in the treatment of bad subgrade. The economic and social benefits of the two methods are compared and analyzed. It is found that the economic and social benefits of the low-level high vacuum compaction method in the treatment of soft subgrade are significantly improved.

1) Low-level and high vacuum compaction soft foundation treatment method is a new technology for rapid consolidation of soft soil foundation, which has obvious advantages: firstly, reducing the consumption of raw materials such as cement and stone; secondly, avoiding environmental pollution in cement production; and thirdly, saving about 50 % of the construction time, controllable quality as well as green and environmental friendly construction process compared with traditional construction methods.

2) The research results have been successfully applied to six soft foundation projects such as Yangxiang Road Project in Wuwei County, Wanjiang City Belt, Anhui Province. The treatment area of the project is 9717.11 million m2. The construction cost of powder-jet pile method and low-level high vacuum compaction method is 789 million yuan and 545 million yuan respectively. By replacing the traditional method with the low and high vacuum tamping method, only the above six engineering applications can generate direct economic benefits of 244 million yuan, environmental protection benefits of 87 million yuan, thus the economic benefits and social benefits are remarkable.

3) According to the statistics bulletin of urban and rural construction of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction, in recent years, an average area of 381 million m2 of new roads has been added every year. If 10 ;’. % of new roads use low-level high vacuum compaction method instead of traditional construction method for foundation treatment, the country can save an average of 9.564 billion yuan annually, and create better environmental benefits.

In a word, the application of low-level and high vacuum densification method has achieved remarkable results in saving mine resources, reducing environmental pollution and improving the economic and social benefits of the project, which is worth popularizing.

References

  • Gu J. M., Qian J. A Comparative analysis of reinforcement effect of three soft foundation treatment methods. Modern Transportation Technology, Vol. 14, Issue 2, 2017, p. 11-15.
  • Cheng Y. Q., Zhang Y. J. The soft soil subgrade treatment high vacuum of method and application research. Water Resources Development and Management, Vol. 10, 2012, p. 13-15.
  • Gao Y. B., Shen Y., Shi Long X.-U., et al. Laboratory tests on saturated hydraulic fill sandy soil by high vacuum densification method. Journal of Hohai University, Vol. 37, Issue 1, 2009, p. 86-90.
  • Teng S. K., Wang J. J., Shi Long X.-U., et al. Test of hydraulic fly ash fill by high vacuum densification method. Port and Waterway Engineering, 2004.
  • Yuan Haiping, Han Zhiyong, Shi Xianzeng, et al. Study on acceleration effect of High Vacuum Densification on soft soil roadbed in Wanjiang. Subgrade Engineering, Vol. 5, 2015, p. 17-22.
  • Huang Y. Innovation on road soft foundation treatment method of technical economy. Urban Roads Bridges & Flood Control, Vol. 9, 2014, p. 105-109+18.
  • Chen S. J. Subgrade construction technology of highway construction management on site and discussed. Transpo World, Vol. 9, 2015, p. 22-23.
  • Gu L. J., Zhao W. J., Liu X. C. Low vacuum preloading patent technology application in the engineering construction. Water Resources Planning and Design, Vol. 4, 2009, p. 62-63.
  • Yuan Haiping, Han Zhiyong, Shi Xianzeng, et al. Application of dynamic compaction method in soft soil subgrade treatmentin Wanjiang Region. Construction Technology, Vol. 45, Issue 11, 2016, p. 50-54.
  • Yuan Haiping, Li Weiqiang, Liu Mengxiu, et al. Simulation study on the optimization of the space between plastic drainage plate drains using vacuum preloading technology in soft foundation. Construction Technology, 2016, p. 58-62.
  • Gu C. C., Zhang Y. T., Chen H. S. Test and analysis on reinforcement effect of high vacuum compaction method in soft soil. Research Publishing Services, Singapore, 2010, p. 755-761.
  • Chang Dave Ta The, Lou Xiao Ming, Xu Si Long Innovative soft soil stabilization using simultaneous high-vacuum dewatering and dynamic compaction. Transportation Research Record, 2010, p. 138-146.
  • Liang R. Y., Xu S. L. High vacuum densification method for soft soil improvement. GeoCongress, Vol. 225, 2012, p. 1928-1937.
  • Li J. P., Ma Y., Yang P. F., et al. Analysis of strengthening effect of HVDM with SHVLPDM in Soft Soil foundation. Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Vol. 28, Issue 2, 2011, p. 79-83.
  • Huang X. Z. Low high vacuum layered secret preloading on soft foundation processing supervision control points and methods. Jiangxi Building Materials, Vol. 12, 2017, p. 177-178.
  • Dubey R. S. Construction of a rigid pavement by vacuum dewatering method. Indian Concrete Journal, Vol. 71, Issue 1, 1997, p. 13-14.
  • Li Y. H., Yang Y. H. Of powder-jetted pile construction technique in the application of highway soft soil subgrade. Technology and Market, 2018.
  • Tian J. T. Powder spraying pile in soft soil subgrade engineering application. China Strategic Emerging Industry, 2018.
  • Yang C. Powder Spray Pile Reinforcing Soft Soil Foundation of Applied Research. Wuhan University of Technology, 2014.
  • Yan Q. Z., Cui L., Jiang L. Q. High vacuum tight method strengthening experimental study on the reclaimed soil foundation. China Engineering Structure Seismic Strengthening Transformation Technology Exchange Meeting, 2010.
  • Xu S. L., Lou X. M. Practical example of High Vacuum Compacting Method consolidating dredge-fill fly ash foundation. Coal Ash China, Vol. 6, 2004, p. 19-21.

About this article

Received
06 March 2019
Accepted
30 June 2019
Published
15 November 2019
SUBJECTS
Nonlinearity and numerical simulation applications in geotechnical engineering
Keywords
High vacuum drubbing means (HVDM)
economic benefits
soft foundation treatment
cost analysis
Acknowledgements

This research work was funded by the Research Fund of Humanities and Social Sciences Key Project of Anhui Sanlian University (SKZD2019001) and Anhui Provincial Quality Project Subsidy Project (2018JXTD057). The financial support is gratefully acknowledged.