Published: 20 April 2018

The effect of non-linear inertia on dynamic response of asymmetric multi-story buildings

Hassan Rezazadeh1
Fereidoun Amini2
1, 2School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
Corresponding Author:
Hassan Rezazadeh
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Abstract

The goal of this paper is to inspect the influence of non-linear inertia on dynamic response of multi-story asymmetric buildings. In this study unlike conventional linear approach, the non-linear inertial terms are considered in the equations of motion. For considering non-linear inertia, the motion equations are derived in local rotary coordinates system. Also, the stiffness and damping parameters are defined in the rotary coordinates system. In the novel approach which is proposed in this paper, the motion equations are different with conventional linear approach. Numerical examples are presented to compare the response of the proposed model and conventional linear model. The modeled building response is derived under harmonic excitation. The results show that if non-linear inertia is considered, the dynamic response of asymmetric multi-story buildings may become different with conventional linear approach.

1. Introduction

Torsional motions in asymmetric buildings and can cause severe damages [1]. So, it is important to carefully investigate the behavior of asymmetric buildings under dynamic loads. Many researchers have studied the effects of non-linear inertia on behavior of mechanical systems. Mayet and Ulbrich studied the non-linear detuning of centrifugal pendulum vibration absorber [2]. Mamandi et al. studied the non-linear behavior of an inclined beam subjected to a moving load [3]. In the field of structural engineering little attention has been paid to non-linear inertia and a few number of researchers have studied the effect of non-linear inertia on dynamic response of structural systems. Amin Afshar and Aghaei Pour studied the inertia non-linearity in irregular-plan isolated structures under seismic excitations [4]. Amini and Amin Afshar studied the effect of non-linear inertia on dynamic response of single story asymmetric building [5].

The effect of non-linear inertia in dynamic response of multi-story asymmetric buildings has not been studied enough. In this study non-linear inertia is considered in equations of motion and for considering non-linear inertia the equations of motion in each story is defined in local rotary coordinates system.

2. Non-linear differential equations of motion

As seen in Fig. 1(a), a single story building is subjected to ground excitation in excitation in X and Y directions. The floor mass center is denoted by C.M. and C.R. represents the center of stiffness of the story. Based on Amini and Amin Afshar approach, the non-linear equations of motion in local rotary xyz coordinates system can be expressed as (see Fig. 1(b)) [5]:

1
mu¨x+Cxu˙x+Kxux=-m-2u˙yθ˙-uyθ¨-uxθ˙2+u¨gXcosθ+u¨gYsinθ,
2
mu¨y+Cyu˙y+Kyuy+exKyθ=-m2u˙xθ˙+uxθ¨-uyθ˙2-u¨gXsinθ+u¨gYcosθ,
3
mr2θ¨+Cθθ˙+(KθR+Kyex2)θ+exKyuy=0.

In Eqs. (1)-(3), ex is the distance between C.M. and C.R. It is assumed that C.R. is located on X axis. The value of ex can be calculated by:

4
ex=j=1Nxjkyjj=1Nkyj,

where kyj represents the stiffness of the jth element resisting in Y direction. In Eqs. (1)-(3), m denotes the total mass of the floor and r is the floor radius of gyration about the mass center, u¨gX and u¨gY are the ground accelerations in X and Y directions, ux and uy are displacements of the floor mass center in the x and y directions and θ is the rotation of the floor about the z axis. Also, Kx and Ky are total stiffness of the story in the x and y directions. The parameter KθR is the torsional stiffness of the story about C.R. and can be calculated by:

5
KθR=j=1MKxjyj2+j=1NKyj(xj-ex)2,

where Kxj represents the stiffness of the jth resisting element in X direction. Moreover Cx, Cy and Cθ are damping coefficients [5].

Fig. 1a) The plan of asymmetric building, b) global (XYZ) and local (xyz) coordinates systems; – structure elements [4]

a) The plan of asymmetric building, b) global (XYZ) and local (xyz) coordinates systems;   – structure elements [4]

a)

a) The plan of asymmetric building, b) global (XYZ) and local (xyz) coordinates systems;   – structure elements [4]

b)

The motion equations of the multi-story building will be derived according to Eqs. (1)-(3). The equations of motion of the ith story will be derived in the local rotary xiyizi system of coordinates. As seen in Fig. 2 the xiyizi coordinates system is located on the base of the building and rotates by an angle θi. It should be noted that in the conventional linear approach the motion equations are derived in fixed XYZ system of coordinates. The motion equations of the ith story can be expressed as [6]:

6
Miaii+CiiU-˙ii+KiiU-ii-Ci+1iU-˙i+1i-Ki+1iU-i+1i=0,

where Miaii denotes the inertial forces, which is exerted to the ith floor. Also the term KiiU-ii is the force of resisting elements in i-1th story which is applied to the ith floor and the term Ki+1iU-i+1i is the force of resisting elements in i+1th story which is exerted to the ith floor. Also, the terms CiiU-˙ii and Ci+1iU-˙i+1i denote the damping forces. In Eq. (6), Mi denotes the mass matrix of the ith floor. The matrix Mi can be expressed as:

7
Mi=mi000miri2000mi,

where mi is the mass of the ith floor and ri is the ith floor radius of gyration about the mass center. In Eq. (6), aii represents the total acceleration of the ith floor center of mass in the local xiyizi coordinates system. The vector aii can be calculated by [6]:

8
aii=axiiaθiayii=u¨xiiθ¨iu¨yii+-2u˙yiiθ˙i-uyiiθ¨i-uxiiθ˙i202u˙xiiθ˙i+uxiiθ¨i-uyiiθ˙i2+U¨Xgcosθi+U¨Ygsinθi0-U¨Xgsinθi+U¨Ygcosθi,

where uxii and uyii are displacements of the ith floor mass center in xi and yi directions (see Fig. 2), U¨Xg and U¨Yg are the ground translational accelerations. Moreover in Eq. (6), Kii is the stiffness matrix of the ith story. The matrix Kii is defined in the directions of xiyizi coordinates system. The matrix Kii can be expressed as:

9
Kii=Kxii000KθiKyiiexi0KyiiexiKyii,

where Kxii and Kyii are the ith story stiffness in the xi and yi directions. The parameters Kxii and Kyii are defined in the rotary xiyizi coordinates system. The parameter Kθii is the torsional stiffness of the ith story about the ith story center of stiffness. Also, exi is the distance between the mass center and the center of the stiffness of the ith story. In Eq. (6), Cii is the damping matrix of the ith story. The matrix Cii can be expressed as:

10
Cii=Cxii000CθiCyiiexi0CyiiexiCyii,

where Cxii, Cyii and Cθi are the ith story damping coefficients. These coefficients are defined in xiyizi coordinates system. If UXi and UYi represent the displacements of the ith floor center of mass in the X and Y direction (see Fig. 2), the relationship between UXi,θi,UYiT and uxi,θi,uyiT vectors can be expressed as:

11
Uii=uxiiθiuyii=cosθi0sinθi010-sinθi0cosθiUXiθiUYi=QiUi,

where Qi is the rotation matrix about the zi axis by an angle θi. Also, the vector Ui+1i+1 is defined by:

12
Ui+1i+1=uxi+1i+1,θi+1,uyi+1i+1T.

Moreover in Eq. (6), U-ii and U-i+1i are defined by:

13
U-ii=Uii-Ui-1i,
14
U-i+1i=Ui+1i-Uii,

where the vector Ui-1i denotes the i-1th floor displacement. Also Ui+1i is the i+1th floor displacement vector. The vectors Ui-1i and Ui+1i, are defined in the rotary xiyizi coordinates system. The relationship between Ui+1i and Ui+1i+1 can be expressed as:

15
Ui+1i=uxi+1iθi+1uyi+1i=cosθ-i+10-sinθ-i+1010sinθ-i+10cosθ-i+1uxi+1i+1θi+1uyi+1i+1=(Q-ii+1)Tui+1i+1,

where θ-i+1 is defined by θ-i+1=θi+1-θi.

Now in Eq. (6), the matrix Ki+1i will be derived. The vector Fi+1i+1 is defined by:

16
Fi+1i+1=Ki+1i+1U-i+1i.

As it was mentioned before, the vector Fi+1i+1 denotes the force of the resisting elements in i+1th story which is applied to the i+1th floor. Vector Fi+1i+1 is defined in xi+1yi+1zi+1 coordinates system. It is obvious that the reaction of the vector Fi+1i+1 is applied to the ith floor. To define the vector Fi+1i+1 in xiyizi system of coordinates, it can be rotated about zi axis by an angle -θ-i+1. So, following equation can be written:

17
Fi+1i=-Q-ii+1TFi+1i+1,

where vector Fi+1i is the i+1th story resisting elements force which is applied to the ith floor. Vector Fi+1i is defined in xiyizi coordinates system. As it was mentioned earlier, in Eq. (6) vector Fi+1i is defined by:

18
Fi+1i=-Ki+1iU-i+1i.

According to Eqs. (17)-(19) the term -Ki+1iU-i+1i can be expressed as:

19
Fi+1i=-Q-ii+1TFi+1i+1=-Q-ii+1TKi+1i+1U-i+1i+1=-Q-ii+1TKi+1i+1Q-ii+1U-i+1i
=-Q-ii+1TKi+1i+1Q-ii+1U-i+1i,

and so Ki+1i can be expressed as:

20
Ki+1i=Q-ii+1TKi+1i+1Q-ii+1.

Also, similar method can be used to derive Ci+1i and it can be expressed as:

21
Ci+1i=Q-ii+1TCi+1i+1Q-ii+1,

where Ci+1i+1 is the i+1th floor damping matrix which is defined in xi+1yi+1zi+1 coordinates system.

Fig. 2Local rotary xiyizi coordinates system; CMi denotes the ith floor center of mass

Local rotary xiyizi coordinates system; CMi denotes the ith floor center of mass

3. Numerical studies

Here, for comparing the response of proposed model and conventional linear model a five story building model is considered. The modeled building properties are listed in Table 1. It should be noted that the modeled structures is a scaled buildings. The damping ratio of the modeled building is selected to be 0.5 %. Moreover, the natural frequencies of the first three modes are listed in Table 2. The ground harmonic excitation in X and Y directions is selected to be:

22
U¨gX=Asinωtcosβ, U¨gY=Asinωtsinβ,

where the parameter A denoted the amplitude of the excitation and β is the excitation arrival angle with respect to X direction.

Table 1Modeled building properties

Story No.
Mass (N/(cm/s2))
Kx and Ky (N/cm)
KθR(N.cm)
ex(cm)
R (cm)
1
0.1
142.1
32095
9.67
20
2
0.1
142.1
32095
9.67
20
3
0.1
142.1
32095
9.67
20
4
0.1
142.1
32095
9.67
20
5
0.1
142.1
32095
9.67
20

Table 2Modeled building natural frequencies in first thee modes

ω1 (rad/s)
ω2 (rad/s)
ω3 (rad/s)
5.39
10.73
12.29

The response of top floor mass center is shown in Fig. 3. It is seen that the response of linear and non-linear models is quite different. The response of top floor mass center in linear model and X direction is zero. But in non-linear model the top story mass center oscillates in X direction. In non-linear model, after initial steps of excitation the amplitude of the response in X direction increases. Moreover, in non-linear model the amplitude of the response in Y direction reaches a constant value after initial oscillations. It is seen that when the amplitude of excitation is increased, the difference between linear and non-linear model responses become more.

Fig. 3Top story response of the modeled building: a) A= 0.005, β= 90° and ω=ω1, b) A= 0.01, β= 90° and ω=ω1

Top story response of the modeled building: a) A= 0.005, β= 90° and ω=ω1,  b) A= 0.01, β= 90° and ω=ω1

a)

Top story response of the modeled building: a) A= 0.005, β= 90° and ω=ω1,  b) A= 0.01, β= 90° and ω=ω1

b)

In Fig. 4 the response of the top floor mass center is shown. In this figure the parameter β is selected to be near to zero. In Fig. 4(a), the response of the both linear and non-linear models are identical in X direction and the difference between these two models can be ignored. In the response of Y direction and θ, linear and non-linear models have the same response in initial steps of excitation. But after initial steps of oscillation the response of Y direction and θ increases.

As seen in Fig. 4 when the excitation amplitude is increased, the difference between linear and non-linear models becomes more. In Fig. 4(b) when the amplitude of the response in X direction reaches a certain value; the amplitude suddenly decreases in X direction and again increases. Moreover, after initial steps of excitation the response of Y direction θ increases. When the energy amount in the dominant mode of X direction reaches a certain value, this mode is saturated, and the energy is transferred to other modes.

Fig. 4Top story response of the modeled building: a) A= 0.01, β= 0.05 rad and ω=ω2, b) A= 0.03, β= 0.05 rad and ω=ω2

Top story response of the modeled building: a) A= 0.01, β= 0.05 rad and ω=ω2,  b) A= 0.03, β= 0.05 rad and ω=ω2

a)

Top story response of the modeled building: a) A= 0.01, β= 0.05 rad and ω=ω2,  b) A= 0.03, β= 0.05 rad and ω=ω2

b)

4. Conclusions

In this study unlike conventional linear approach, the non-linear inertia was considered in equations of motion of multi-story asymmetric building. For considering non-linear inertia, the equations of motion were derived in local rotary coordinates system. It was seen that the conventional linear approach is weak to model the behavior of asymmetric buildings and considering non-linear inertia leads to different response. In the modeled structure if the amplitude of the excitation is increased the difference between linear and proposed non-linear models become more. Also, in some cases energy transfer between the modes is observed.

References

  • Amin Afshar M., Amini F. Non-linear dynamics of asymmetric structures under 2:2:1 resonance. International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics, Vol. 47, 2012, p. 823-835.
  • Mayet J., Ulbrich H. First-order optimal linear and nonlinear detuning of centrifugal pendulum vibration absorbers. Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 335, 2015, p. 34-54.
  • Mamandi A., Kargarnovin M. H., Younesian D. Nonlinear dynamics of an inclined beam subjected to a moving load. Nonlinear Dynamics, Vol. 60, 2010, p. 277-293.
  • Amin Afshar M., Aghaei Pour S. On inertia nonlinearity in irregular-plan isolated structures under seismic excitations. Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 363, 2016, p. 495-516.
  • Amini F., Amin Afshar M. Saturation in asymmetric structures under internal resonance. Acta Mechanica, Vol. 221, 2011, p. 353-368.
  • Amini F., Rezazadeh H., Amin Afshar M. Adaptive control of rotationally non-linear asymmetric structures under seismic loads. Structural Engineering and Mechanics, Vol. 65, Issue 6, 2018, p. 721-730.

About this article

Received
28 March 2018
Accepted
04 April 2018
Published
20 April 2018
SUBJECTS
Seismic engineering and applications
Keywords
non-linear inertia
asymmetric buildings
harmonic excitation