Published: 20 April 2018

Multi-cutter turning process stability analysis

A. M. Gouskov1
M. A. Guskov2
Ding Dyk Tung3
G. Panovko4
1, 4Vibrations Laboratory, RAS Institute of Machine Science, St. Petersburg, Russia
2PIMM Laboratory UMR 8006, ENSAM, CNRS, CNAM, Paris, France
3, 1, 4Applied Mechanics Department, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
Corresponding Author:
A. M. Gouskov
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Abstract

This work displays results of a modelling-based investigation a process of multi-cutter turning process focusing on the stability of nominal steady-state case. The modelling is based on the new surface formation equations, on the equations of motion and on a rational fraction cutting law. The influence of the parameters of the system on the stability of the steady cut is analyzed.

1. Introduction

Multi-cutter turning is one of the ways to increase the productivity of turning process in manufacturing [1-5]. At certain conditions, the turning process involving constant chip thickness incurs dynamic instability [5-8, 11]. The loss of stability and the onset of auto-oscillations may be sensitive to several phenomena, such as the regenerative cutting of the surface created by the previous tool pass, ploughing caused by the flank face interaction, workpiece flexibility, temperature-induced effects [8-14]. In the case of multi-cutter turning, the deflection (vibrations) of the cutters is an important parameter.

Specific features of modeling multi-cutter turning dynamics with the regeneration-based interaction of the cutters are considered in the present work, in view of the steady state cutting stability evaluation.

2. Modeling approach

The workpiece is assumed to be a cylinder-shaped rigid body (of radius R and of length l) rotating around its longitudinal axis with angular velocity ω (Fig. 1(a)). n cutters are simultaneously engaged in turning. These cutters are disposed in a circular arrangement with angular interval φj(j=1, n¯) between neighbouring cutters, such that j=1nϕj=2π, fixed on a common carrier (Fig. 1). This carrier realizes a feed motion along the workpiece axis with a constant speed V.

Fig. 1Multi-cutter turning modeling

Multi-cutter turning modeling

a)

Multi-cutter turning modeling

b)

To put forward the multi-cutter-related phenomena, only the axial degrees of freedom of cutters and axial cutting force components are taken in consideration.

Each cutter (numbered by the index j) is represented as a rigid body, independently fixed on the carrier by a holder, featuring its individual stiffness and damping.

The equations, formulating the cutting-generated surfaces are bead on the following finite relations [4, 9, 15, 16]:

1
Djt=Vt-ujt-Lj-1t-tj-1+A-H0j,hjt=max0,Djt,Ljt=Lj-1t-tj-1+hjt,

where Ljt is the axial distance from the free end of the part to the current surface under j-th cutter; Djt is the axial distance from the j-th cutter edge to the surface being processed Lj-1t-tj-1; ujt – axial deflection (vibration) of the j-th cutter from its nominal quasi-static location; hjt – uncut chip thickness for the j-th cutter; A=l-Z0 – constant distance, l – length of the cylindrical surface being turned; Z0 – initial axial position of the first cutter (nominal set value), H0j – initial axial offset of the j-th cutter (nominal set value) from the first one, axial for which A is defied, t – current time.

Cutting forces in axial direction for each cutter are accounted for by an analytical model based on a rational fraction expression [8, 11]:

2
Fjt=K0hjtc+rhjtc+hjt,

with K0=γσLB apparent static stiffness, σL characteristic stress value for given material, B chip width; γ, r non-dimensional coefficients, determined experimentally for given process conditions at hand, j cutter number; c characteristic linear size of the cutting process.

Equations of motion for the vibrations of cutters in the axial direction read as follows:

3
mju¨j=-dju˙j-kjuj+Fj, j=1,n¯,

with mj – mass of j-th cutter, dj and kj – damping and stiffness coefficients for j-th cutter, respectively.

Eqs. (1-3) constitutes a complete model for dynamics of the multi-cutter turning process under consideration. This system of equations is then transformed to non-dimensional form, by means of the following characteristic scales factors choice: distance scale X* – feed per turn h0, time scale – T*=i=1nTi2/n , Ti=2π mj/kj, Ti – free oscillation period for each cutter, cutting force scale – F*=K0h0. Hence, in the case when all the cutters have identical properties m1 = m2 =... =m, k1 = k2= ...=k, d1=d2=...=d, T1=T2=the Eqs. (1-3) would become:

4
Δjτ=τρ - ξjτ-Λj-1τ-τj-1+Α-Η0j, j=1nτj= ρ,ηjτ = max0,Δjτ, 0=-Λ jτ+Λj-1τ-τj-1+ηjτ,ξj''=- 4πζξj'-4 π2ξj+4π2κΠj, Πj=η1η*+rηjη*+ηj.

Here the non-dimensional parameters are defined as follows:

5
ξj=ujh0, ζ=d2 m k, κ=K0k, ηj=hjh0, η*=ch0 , Πj=FjK0h0,
Λjτ = Ljh0, Δj = Djh0, ρ=2πωT, Α=Ah0, Η0j=H0jh0.

It should be noted that the parameter 1/ρ corresponds is proportional to the cutting speed and Πj non-dimensional axial component of cutting force.

3. Stability analysis of steady-state double cutter turning process

A specific case of two cutters is considered in Fig. 1(b), when the cutters are disposed around the workpiece, defined by the angles φ1=π- Δφ and φ2=π+ Δφ, thus defined by one parameter Δφ – deviation of the angle between cutters from π. In this case, the system of Eq. (4) take the following expression:

6
Δ1τ=τρ-ξ1τ-Λ2τ-τ2+Α, Δ2τ=τρ-ξ2τ-Λ1τ - τ1+Α-Η0,η1τ=max0,Δ1τ, η2τ=max0,Δ2τ,Λ 1τ=Λ2τ-τ2+η1τ, Λ2τ=Λ1τ-τ1+η2τ,ξ1''=- 4πζξ1'-4π2ξ1+4π2κΠ1, ξ2''=-4πζξ2'-4π2ξ2+4π2κΠ2,Π1=η1η*+rη1η*+η1, Π2=η1η*+rη2η*+η2.

In the case of steady state cutting, the distances Δj0 are equal to the respective nominal cut depths, i.e. ηj=Δj0; j = 1, 2. Hence, from Eq. (6) it follows:

7
η1τ=Δ1τ=τ2ρ-ξ1τ+ξ2τ-τ2+Η0,η2τ=Δ2τ=τ1ρ-ξ2τ+ξ1τ-τ1-Η0.

After substituting Eq. (7) into the system Eq. (6) one obtains the classic form of equations of motion:

8
ξj''=-4πζξj'-4π2ξj+4π2κΠj, j=1,2.

Due to Eqs. (7-8), the steady state cut at constant thickness ηj0ηj0=constj is possible only at constant deflection magnitudes of each of cutters: ξj0ξj0=constj. Thus, the Eqs. (7-8) reduce to the following steady case:

9
η10=τ2ρ-ξ10+ξ20+Η, Π10=η10η*+rη10η*+η10, ξ10=κΠ10,η20=τ1ρ-ξ20+ξ10-Η, Π20=η20η*+rη20η*+η20, ξ20=κΠ20.

One can define the notation:

10
pj=Πjηjηj =ηj0=r+η*21-rη*+ηj02, j=1, 2,

representing tangent stiffness coefficients of the tool-workpiece interactions, acting on each cutter, and depending on the cut thickness. In particular, pj0=1, pj η0 j =r.

Variation equations in the vicinity of unperturbed state are the following:

11
δξ1''+4πζδξ1'+4π2δξ1=4π2κ p1-δξ1(τ)+δξ2τ-τ2,δξ2''+4πζδξ2'+4π2δξ2=4π2κ p2-δξ2(τ)+δξ1τ-τ1.

For fixed values τ1, τ2, η*, r, Η, the coefficients p1, p2 are completely defined by Eq. (10).

The solution of the system Eq. (11) will be sought in the form δξj=Сjexp(λτ). After combining Eq. (9) and Eq. (11), one obtains:

12
Pλ;ζ,ρ,κ=λ2+4πζλ+4π21+κp1 ×× λ2+4πζλ+4π21+κp2 -16 π4κ2p1p2 exp-λρ=0, ρ=τ1+τ2.

The characteristic Eq. (12) enables, for any value of λ to determine static cutting stiffness κ as a function of ρ, i.e. the workpiece revolution period. The system under consideration would not admit static divergence instability of the steady state cut; only a dynamic bifurcation of (Poincaré – Andronov – Hopf type) is possible, leading to autooscillations. From the Eqs. (12), by putting λ=2πis and by verifying the real and imaginary parts of the equation, one obtains:

13
ReP=s4-2+κp1+κp 2+4ζ2s2+1+κp1+κp2 +κ2p1p 21-cos2πρs=0,ImP=-4 ζ s3+4+2 κp 1+2κp 2ζs+κ2p1p 2sin2πρs=0.

4. Results and discussion

By solving the Eqs. (9, 12), one can construct, for the steady state cut process, the boundaries of the stability zones with respect to the relative static stiffness parameter κ and to the cutting speed parameter 1/ρ. On these boundaries Static deflections ξj0, as well as cutting forces Πj0 and chip thickness ηj0. Several values of delay and ratio τ1/τ2=1; 2 and of relative axial position of the cutters Η=0; 1 have been tested. Fig. 2 illustrates the computation results for the following data set: η *= 0.15, r= 0.65, ζ= 0.05 and τ1/τ2= 1/3, Η= 0.2.

An increase in the cutting speed parameter 1/ρ involves an observable extension the instability zones – Fig. 2(а). In the same time, cutting force and deflection magnitudes, specific for each cutter, are practically independent of the cutting speed parameter – Fig. 2(b)-2(c). A significant variation of steady state cut stiffness is takes place when the workpiece rotation rate is close to multiples of the cutter eigenvalues – Fig. 2(d). Discontinuities on these diagrams correspond to integer values of ρ.

From analogous results, obtained for different values of the delay ratio τ1/τ2=1; 2 and relative axial position Η=0; 1, shows that the stability boundaries in feature only small sensitivity to these parameters, while significant variations are observed in cutting force, deflection and cut thickness magnitudes. In the case of symmetrical tool τ1/τ2=1, the presence of the initial axial shift between cuuters Η and would lead to a slight variation in the stability boundaries in the static stiffness parameter κ. In the same time the shift Η0, even for symmetrical cutter disposition τ1/τ2=1, leads to a differentiation in the relative stiffness and in cut stiffness.

In the case of unsymmetrical angular distribution of the cutters, i.e. τ1/τ2>1, and of even axial location Η=0, a substantial difference appears in the chip thickness values for each cutter.

Fig. 2a) Relative static stiffness parameters κ, b) cutting force Πj0, c) static deflection ξj0, d) cut thickness ηj0 as functions of 1/ρ

a) Relative static stiffness parameters κ, b) cutting force Πj0,  c) static deflection ξj0, d) cut thickness ηj0 as functions of 1/ρ

a)

a) Relative static stiffness parameters κ, b) cutting force Πj0,  c) static deflection ξj0, d) cut thickness ηj0 as functions of 1/ρ

b)

a) Relative static stiffness parameters κ, b) cutting force Πj0,  c) static deflection ξj0, d) cut thickness ηj0 as functions of 1/ρ

c)

a) Relative static stiffness parameters κ, b) cutting force Πj0,  c) static deflection ξj0, d) cut thickness ηj0 as functions of 1/ρ

d)

5. Conclusions

Based on the use the surface generation relationships, an algorithm is built for stability lobe diagram construction for the case of multi-cutter turning, taking into account arbitrary axial and angular distribution of cutters.

It is shown that in the two-cutter case, the stability boundaries of the steady state cutting process depend on the workpiece rotation rate and, for even axial positioning, do not depend on the angular distribution of cutters.

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About this article

Received
28 February 2018
Accepted
07 March 2018
Published
20 April 2018
SUBJECTS
Mathematical models in engineering
Erratum
An error in the author’s affiliation in the paper finally approved (after the acceptance) by the authors. For more information read Editor's Note.
Keywords
multi-cutter turning
dynamics
steady state cutting
bifurcation analysis
Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Project No. 16-58-150001 NCNI_a and French National Center for Scientific Research, Project PRC No. 263581.