Published: 15 August 2018

Bifurcation and singularity analysis of HSLDS vibration isolation system with elastic base

Xiang Yu1
Kai Chai2
Yongbao Liu3
Shuyong Liu4
1, 3National Key Laboratory on Ship Vibration and Noise, Wuhan, 430033, China
2, 4College of Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, 430033, China
Corresponding Author:
Kai Chai
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Abstract

In order to reveal the bifurcation mechanism and optimize the system design for high-static-low-dynamic-stiffness (HSLDS) vibration isolation system (VIS) with elastic base, the local bifurcation analyses both in unfolding parameter space and physical parameter space were carried out theoretically and numerically. Firstly, the restoring force of the HSLDS-VIS was approximated to linear and cubic stiffness by applying the Maclaurin series expansion and the motion equations of HSLDS-VIS with elastic base were established. Subsequently, the motion equations of HSLDS-VIS with elastic base were formulated to transform the system into a standard form and the averaging method was applied to obtain the single-variable bifurcation equation for the HSLDS-VIS with elastic base in case of primary resonance and 1:2 internal resonance. Furthermore, the transition sets and bifurcation diagrams in the unfolding parameter space were studied by means of singularity theory. Finally, for the engineering application, the transition sets were transferred back to the physical parameter space, thus to obtain the bifurcation diagrams of the amplitude with respect to the external force. The numerical simulation results show that the local bifurcations of HSLDS-VIS with elastic base in case of 1:2 internal resonance are considerable complex and need to be analyzed in six two-parameters spaces, meanwhile, the necessary condition of multiple solutions lies in some physical parameters, which can provide a theoretical basis and reference for design and application of the HSLDS-VIS with elastic base.

1. Introduction

Undesirable vibration can affect human comfort and even the structural safety, which has become an urgent problem to be solved in engineering. It is evident that the bandwidth of vibration isolation is often limited by the mount stiffness element required to support a static load. To overcome this limitation, the high-static-low-dynamic-stiffness (HSLDS) mechanism is put forward, what results in low natural frequency with a small static displacement. Whilst it maintains locally low stiffness near equilibrium and static load bearing, which reduces the natural frequency and extends the frequency isolation region [1]. The isolation system with HSLDS characteristic has been well established both theoretically and experimentally in recent literatures and has recently been the subject of growing interest of both engineers and researchers. Carrella et al. and Wu et al. investigated vibration isolators with HSLDS property via the combination of a mechanical spring and magnets [2, 3], Li et al. presented a device using a magnetic spring combined with rubber membranes to suppress vibration [4], Zhou et al. develop a tunable isolator with HSLDS property by using a pair of electromagnets and a permanent magnet and can act passively or semi-actively[5], Meng et al. concerned the quasi-zero-stiffness by combining a negative disk spring with a linear positive spring [6].

Recently, many methods for bifurcation analysis of high-dimensional dynamical system have been proposed. Among these methods, singularity theory is of much importance and has been widely applied as a quanlative analysis method, which can solve the bifurcation problems uniformly and definitely. Yu et al. studied the local bifurcation of nonlinear vibration isolation system with 1:2 internal resonance [7, 8], Qin et al. investigated two-degree-of-freedom (two-DOF) bifurcation equation for elastic cable with 1:1 internal resonance [9], Wang et al. analyzed the bifurcation models of a class of power system by using C-L method [10], Zhou et al. considered the local bifurcation of a nonlinear system based on MR damper [11], Volkov et al. studied the bifurcation in the system of two identical diffusively coupled Brusselators [12].

In this paper, the local bifurcation and singularity analysis of a HSLDS-VIS with elastic base have been presented, which is organized as follows. In Section 2, the restoring force and the motion equations of HSLDS-VIS were established. In Section 3, the motion equations of HSLDS-VIS with elastic base were established. In Section 4, the averaging method was applied to obtain the bifurcation equation for the system with primary resonance and 1:2 internal resonance. In Section 5, the singularity theory was used to analyze the system local bifurcations to obtain the 4-codimensional universal unfolding, the transition sets and bifurcation diagrams. In Section 6, the transition sets were transferred back to the physical parameter space to obtain the bifurcation behaviors of the amplitude with respect of the external force. Finally, some conclusions were summarized in Section 7.

2. Modeling of the HSLDS-VIS

Consider a simple model of the isolator shown in Fig. 1. Two nonlinear oblique springs are assumed to have nonlinearity with linear stiffness k1 and cubic nonlinear stiffness k3. In addition, they are pre-stressed, i.e. compressed by length δ and connected at point C with a vertical unstressed linear spring of stiffness k2. The oblique springs are hinged at A and B. The geometry of configuration is decided by horizontal distance a from point A to C and initial height h, while x denotes the vertical displacement from the initial unloaded position caused by the force F.

Fig. 1Schematic representation of an isolator based on HSLDS

Schematic representation of an isolator based on HSLDS

a)

Schematic representation of an isolator based on HSLDS

b)

The general equation between the force f and the displacement x can be derived as:

1
F=k2x+2k1(x-h)a2+h2+δa2+(x-h)2-1
+2k3(x-h)a2+(x-h)2a2+(x-h)2-a2+h2-δ3.

Introducing y=x-h, f=F-k2h, Eq. (1) can been recast in dimensionless form as:

2
f=k2y+2k1ya2+h2+δa2+y2-1+2k3ya2+y2a2+y2-a2+h2-δ3,

where:

α=k1k2, y^=ya2+h2, f^=fk2a2+h2, γ=aa2+h2,
δ^=δa2+h2, β=k3(a2+h2)k2, Δ=(δ^+1)ψ, ψ=γ2+y^2.

The dimensionless dynamic stiffness can be obtained by differentiating Eq. (2) to y^:

3
k^=1+2α1-γ2Δ/ψ2-2β(Δ-1)21-Δ3y^2+γ2+3y^2Δ.

Using the Maclaurin series expansion, an approximate expression for the stiffness is found to be:

4
k^-2β+3β1+δ^γ+α1+δ^γ3-β(1+δ^)3γ3y^2
+β-α(δ^+1-γ)2-γ2(δ^+1-γ)3.

It is clear that the oblique springs can reduce the positive stiffness so that the linear natural frequency is smaller in the isolation range; and they introduce the cubic stiffness so that the peak response bends to higher frequencies, which potentially reduces the frequency region.

For a SDOF system depicted in Fig. 2. It includes a rigid mass m suspended on a three springs mount in parallel with a viscous damper c. x denotes the vertical displacement from the equilibrium position caused by a harmonic excitation fe=FcosΩT. The mass moves in the vertical direction through the guide rod and bushing. By applying the Newton’s second law, the motion equation of SDOF system can be expressed as

5
mu¨+cu˙+b1u+b3u3=FcosΩT,

where:

b1k2=β-α(δ^+1-γ)2-γ2(δ^+1-γ)3, b2k2=3β1+δ^γ+α1+δ^γ3-β(1+δ^)3γ3-2β,
u˙=dudt.

Fig. 2Structural model of the SDOF system with HSLDS characteristic: 1 – loading platform, 2 – oblique spring, 3 – guide device, 4 – pillar, 5 – vertical spring, 6 – base plate, 7 – linear bearing, 8 – sliding rod

Structural model of the SDOF system with HSLDS characteristic: 1 – loading platform, 2 – oblique spring, 3 – guide device, 4 – pillar, 5 – vertical spring, 6 – base plate, 7 – linear bearing, 8 – sliding rod

a)

Structural model of the SDOF system with HSLDS characteristic: 1 – loading platform, 2 – oblique spring, 3 – guide device, 4 – pillar, 5 – vertical spring, 6 – base plate, 7 – linear bearing, 8 – sliding rod

b)

3. Modeling of the HSLDS-VIS with elastic base

On the condition that taking the first order mode of the elastic base, it can be reduced to a rigid mass supported by a spring and damper. Therefore, the HSLDS-VIS with elastic base can be simplified to two-DOF mass-spring system, which is shown in Fig. 3. M1 and M2 denote the isolation equipment and the intermediate mass, respectively. M1 is supported by a linear damper and a nonlinear spring which possesses both linear and cubic stiffness. M2 is connected with a fixed plane using a linear spring and a linear damper. When the origins of coordinates are set at the position where the springs are not compressed, as shown in Fig. 3(a), the equation of the HSLDS-VIS with elastic base can be given by:

6
M1Z¨1+C1(Z˙1-Z˙2)+K1(Z1-Z2)+K3(Z1-Z2)3=FcosΩT+M1g,
M2Z¨2+C2Z˙2+K2Z2=C1(Z˙1-Z˙2)+K1(Z1-Z2)+K3(Z1-Z2)3+M2g,

where C1 is the damping coefficient of HSLDS vibration isolator; K1 and K3 are the linear and cubic stiffness coefficients of HSLDS vibration isolator, respectively. C2 is the damping coefficient of damper between the M2 and fixed plane; K2 is the stiffness coefficient of the linear stiffness between the M2 and fixed plane. F and Ω are the amplitude and frequency of the harmonic excitation, respectively.

Fig. 3HSLDS-VIS with elastic base. a) Coordinates not at the equilibrium state, b) Coordinates at the equilibrium state

HSLDS-VIS with elastic base. a) Coordinates not at the equilibrium state,  b) Coordinates at the equilibrium state

Note that the origins are not the equilibrium points of the system in Fig. 3(a), which is inconvenient for further analysis, and hence the coordinate transformation should be carried out. As is shown in Fig. 3(b), the origins of the new coordinates are set at the equilibrium state and the relations between the old and new coordinates are: Z1=X1+h1, Z2=X2+h2. In the equilibrium state, the gravitation terms in Eq. (6) can be eliminated by the following relations: M1g+M2g=K2h2 and M1g=K1H+K3H3, where H=h1-h2. The governing equations of Eq. (6) are given by:

7
M1X¨1=-C1(X˙1-X˙2)-(K1+3K3H2)(X1-X2)-3K3H(X1-X2)2
-K3(X1-X2)3+FcosΩT,
M2X¨2=-C2X˙2-K2X2+C1(X˙1-X˙2)+(K1+3K3H2)(X1-X2)
+3K3H(X1-X2)2+K3(X1-X2)3.

Setting K0=K1+3K3H2,B=K3/K0 and introducing dimensionless parameters: x1=X1/B, x2=X2/B, Ω0=K0/M1, t=Ω0T, ω=Ω/Ω0, w=M1/M2, ξ1=C1/(K0M1), ξ2=C2/(K0M2),γ=-3K3H/(K0B),f=FB/K0,k2=K2/K0, the first-order of the dimensionless motion equations are given by:

8
x¨1=-ξ1(x˙1-x˙2)-(x1-x2)+γ(x1-x2)2-(x1-x2)3+fcosωt,
x¨2=-wξ2x˙2-wk2x2+wξ1(x˙1-x˙2)+w(x1-x2)-wγ(x1-x2)2+w(x1-x2)3.

Therefore, the HSLDS-VIS with elastic base is a coupled nonautonomous dynamic system with quadratic and cubic nonlinearities.

4. Standard form of the motion equations

Standard form of the motion equations refers to the vector fields are proportional to the small perturbation parameter ε. Here, assume the nonlinear stiffness coefficients, damping coefficients and the amplitude of excitation force are small quantities and introduce an additional parameter ε into the equations. Setting x1=z1, x˙1=z2, x2=z3, x˙2=z4, Eq. (8) can be rewritten in the general form:

9
dzdt=Az+εFz,ωt,

where:

z=z1z2z3z4T,
A=0100-10100001w0-w-wk20,
Fγt=F1F2F3F4=0-ξ1(z2-z4)+γ(z1-z3)2-(z1-z3)3+fcosωt0-wξ2z4+wξ1(z2-z4)-wγ(z1-z3)2+w(z1-z3)3.

The derivative equation of Eq. (9) is:

10
dzdt=Az.

No damping and nonlinear force in the matrix A, suppose it has only simple purely imaginary eigenvalues ±ω1i,,±ωqi. The special solution of the homogeneous part with ±ωi are as follows:

11
Resiωit=φsiωit=Psisinωit-Qsicosωit,Imsiωit=φsi*ωit=Psisinωit+Qsicosωit, i=1,2, s=1,2,3,4,

where Psi and Qsi are real constants.

Setting z1(t)=A1eIωt, z2(t)=A2eIωt, z3(t)=A3eIωt, z4(t)=A4eIωt, where I=-1, substitute them into Eq. (11):

12
IA1ω=A2, IA2ω=-A1+A3, IA3ω=A4, IA4ω=μA1-A3k2-A3.

Substituting A1=1 into Eq. (12), one may obtain:

13
z1t=cosωt+Isinωt, z2t=Iωcosωt+Isinωt,
z3t=1-ω2cosωt+Isinωt, z4(t)=I(1-ω2)ω(cosωt+Isinωt,

where ω1,22=1+w+wk2±w2k22+2w2k2+w2-2wk2+2w+1/2 are the natural frequencies of the derived system. Substituting ω1,2 into Eq. (13) and separating the result into real and imaginary parts, yield the special solution of Eq. (10):

14
φ1i=cosωit, φ2i=-ωisinωit,
φ3i=1-ωi2cosωit, φ4i=ωi2-1ωisin(ωit),
φ1i*=sin(ωit), φ2i*=ωicos(ωit),
φ3i*=1-ωi2sinωit, φ4i*=1-ωi2ωicosωit.

The same procedure may be easily adapted to obtain the special solution of the conjugate equation of Eq. (10), that is dz/dt=-ATz:

15
ψ1i=cos(ωit), ψ2i=-sin(ωit)ωi,
ψ3i=(1-ωi2)cos(ωit)w, ψ4i=(ωi2-1)sin(ωit)wωi,
ψ1i*=sin(ωit), ψ2i*=cos(ωit)ωi,
ψ3i*=(1-ωi2)sin(ωit)w, ψ4i*=(1-ωi2)cos(ωit)wωi.

Introducing the coordinate transformation:

16
zst=i=12aiφsiθi+zs*t, i=1,2,

where θi=ωit, zs(t) and zs*(t) are the general solution and special solution of Eq. (9), respectively. If ai=const and dθi/dt=ωi, yield:

dφsi(θi)/dθi=-φsi*θi, -i=12aiφsi*θi=α=14asαi=12aiφαiθi.

Substitute Eq. (16) into Eq. (9) and one may obtain:

17
i=12ai(t)dtφsi(θi)-i=12aitφsi*θidθidt-ωi=εFvt,a,θ,ε.

Based on the orthogonality [13] between Eq. (14) and Eq. (15):

18
s=14φsiθiψsj(θj)=s=14φsi*θiψsj*(θj)=0,
s=14φsiθiψsj*θj=δij, s=14φsi*θiψsjθj=-δij.

If i=j, δij=1, else if ij, δij=0. Multiplying Eq. (17) by ψsi and ψsi*, respectively, and then summing s from 1 to 4, the standard form of Eq. (9) was obtained as follows:

19
daidt=ε1Δis=14Fsγt,a,θ,εψsiθi=-εsinθiwF2+F4-ωi2F4wωiΔi,
dθidt=ωi+εΔiais=14Fsγt,a,θ,εψsi*θi=ωi+εcosθiwF2+F4-ωi2F4waiωiΔi,

where Δ1,2=(ω1,24-2ω1,22+w+1)/w, Ri and Si are periodic functions of t and θ with period 2π/ω.

5. Single-variable bifurcation equation based on the averaging method

Applying the singularity theory, we can reveal all possible bifurcation behaviors when the original system is subjected to a small perturbation. While the singularity theory is only suitable for autonomous system, it is essential to obtain the single-variable bifurcation equation by using the averaging method. For the system with multiple DOFs, perhaps there exists internal resonance. Introducing the first-order KB transformation:

20
ai=yi+εUit,y,υ, θi=ωi0t+ϕi+εVit,y,υ,

where ωi=ωi0+εσi, p1ω10+p2ω20=qω, σi is detuning parameters, pi (i=1, 2) and q are nonzero integers. Ui and Vi are periodic function of υ and t. This paper focuses the second order primary resonance and 1:2 internal resonance, which means ω, ω1 and ω2 should meet ω=ω2+εσ2 and ω2=2ω1+εσ1. The derivatives of the new parameters should satisfy the conditions below:

21
dyidt=εYiy+ε2Yi*t,y,ϕ, dϕidt=εσi+εZiy+ε2Zi*t,y,ϕ,

where Yi and Zi do not contain t, Yi* and Zi* are periodic function of υ and t. Applying the averaging method, substitute Eq. (20) and Eq. (21) into Eq. (19) and collect terms of the first order in ε:

22
Yi+Uit+i2Uiυiωi-ωi0=Ri0y+ζRiζycosαζ0+Riζ'ysinαζ0,
Zi+Vit+i2Viυiωi-ωi0=Si0y+ζSiζycosαζ0+Siζ'ysinαζ0,

where Ri0(y), Riζ(y), Riζ'(y), Si0(y), Siζ(y), Siζ'(y) are generalized Fourier series coefficients of Ri and Si, αζ0=p1ζω10+p2ζω20+p3ζωt+p1ζυ1+p2ζυ2. Yi and Zi are the slowly changing functions, while Uit+i2Uiυiωi-ωi0 and Vit+i2Viυiωi-ωi0 are the fast changing functions. The following average equations are obtained:

23
ddty1t=ε-12ω13ω22γy1y2sin2υ1-υ2Δ1+12B1y1,
ddty2t=ε-12fsinυ2Δ2ω2+14ω2ω14γy12sin2υ1-υ2Δ2+12B2y2,
ddtυ1t=εσ1+ω13-3ω14y12-6ω24y22+4ω22γy2cos2υ1-υ28Δ1,
ddtυ2t=εσ2+2ω22ω14y12cos2υ1-υ2+4fcosυ2-6ω14y12y2-3ω28y238Δ2ω2y2,

where B1,2=(2ξ2ω1,22-ξ1ω1,24-ξ2ω1,24-ξ2)/Δ1,2. Letting dy1(t)/dt,dy2(t)/dt,dυ1(t)/dt, dυ2(t)/dt be zero, one may obtain:

24
cos2υ1-υ2=3ω17y12+6ω13ω24y22-8Δ1σ14ω13ω22γy2, sin2υ1-υ2=B1Δ1ω13ω22γy2.

Supposing y1=Y1 and y2=Y2, the Eq. (24) is further recast as follows:

25
(3ω17Y1+6ω13ω24Y2-8Δ1σ1)216ω16ω24γ2Y2+B12Δ12ω16ω24γ2Y2=1.

The governing equations of Eq. (25) are given by:

26
Y1=-6ω13ω24Y2+8Δ1σ1+4ω16ω24γ2Y2-B12Δ123ω17.

Substituting m2=ω16ω24γ2Y2-B12Δ12 into Eq. (26) results in:

27
Y1=-2B12Δ12+m2ω110γ2+8Δ1σ1+4m3ω17, Y2=B12Δ12+m2ω16ω24γ2.

The same procedure may be easily adapted to obtain the following equations:

28
cosυ2=6ω28Y22+6ω14ω24Y1Y2+8ω1Δ1Y1σ1-3Y12ω18-16Δ2Y2ω2σ28fY2,
sinυ2=B1Δ1Y1ω1+2B2Δ2Y2ω22fY2.

Substituting Eq. (27) into Eq. (28), the steady-state solution of Eq. (23) is obtained:

29
i=17bim7-i=0,

where the detailed bi are shown in Appendix A1. Setting m=x+4γω13, Eq. (29) can be written as follows:

30
G(x,μ,α1,α2,α3,α4)=x6-μ+α1x4+α2x3+α3x2+α4x=0,

where α1~α4 is the universal unfolding parameters related to the stiffness coefficients, damping coefficients, tune parameters and so on, μ is the bifurcation parameter related to the amplitude of excitation force. The detailed α1~α4 and μ are shown in Appendix A2.

6. Bifurcation analysis in the unfolding parameter space

In the singularity theory [14], the bifurcation Eq. (30) is the universal unfolding of the normal form g=x6-μ, and the codimension is 4. The functions Gx, Gxx and Gμ can be given by differentiating:

31
Gx=6x5+4α1x3+3α2x2+2α3x+α4,
Gxx=30x4+12α1x2+6α2x+2α3,
Gμ=-1.

According to the definition of the transition set [15], it consists of bifurcation point set (BS), hysteresis point set (HS), and double limit point set (DLS).

BS=αRk(x,μ),G=Gxx=Gμ=0 at the point of (x,μ,α). It is evident that BS=Φ.

HS =αRk(x,μ),G=Gxx=Gx=0 at the point of (x,μ,α). Setting μ=0 and α3=α4=0, HS0=α1R,α3=0,α4=0,α20 was obtained. Setting x0 and μ0, HS1=α2=-10x6-3α1x4+μx3,α3=3(5x6+α1x4-μ)x2,α4=-6x6-α1x4-3μx was obtained.

DLS=αRk(xi,μ)(i=1,2),x1x2,G=Gx=0 at the point of (x,μ,α). Because (x,μ)=(0,0) is a limit point, DLS0=α2=-4x3-2α1x,α3=3x4+α1x2,α4=0,x0 can be obtained. As for μ0, DLS1 will be discussed in the two-dimensions transition set.

However, from the fact that the bifurcation of Eq. (31) is the universal unfolding with 4-codimension, it is very different to analyze the bifurcation behavior in full detail. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss all forms of two parameter unfolding contained in Eq. (31), that is α1-α2, α1-α3, α1-α4, α2-α3, α2-α4 and α3-α4. In this paper, only the transition sets and bifurcation diagrams in the α1-α2 plane and α3-α4 plane is presented.

Fig. 4Bifurcation diagrams of transition sets and persistent regions in the α1-α2 plane

Bifurcation diagrams of transition sets and persistent regions in the α1-α2 plane
Bifurcation diagrams of transition sets and persistent regions in the α1-α2 plane

a) Transition set and its bifurcation diagrams in the α1-α2 plane

Bifurcation diagrams of transition sets and persistent regions in the α1-α2 plane
Bifurcation diagrams of transition sets and persistent regions in the α1-α2 plane

b) Bifurcation diagrams on different persistent regions in the α1-α2 plane

Setting α3=α4=0, one may obtain HS0=α1R,α20,DLS0=α2/22=-α1/23, HS1=α22=-128α13/729, DLS1=α10,α2=0. The transition set in the α1-α2 plane is Σα1-α2=HS0DLS0HS1DLS1, as shown in Fig. 4. The whole parametric plane was divided into six different persistent regions by the transition sets, corresponding to different type of the solutions. When α1 and α2 change anticlockwise, the bifurcation diagrams are completely symmetric about μ axis between I-HS1+-II-DLS1+-III and VI-HS1--V-DLS1--IV.

Setting α1=α2=0, one may obtain HS0=DLS0=Φ,HS1=(-α3/15)5=(α4/24)4 and DLS1=α4=0,α30. The transition set in the α3-α4 plane is Σα3-α4=HS1DLS1, as shown in Fig. 5. The whole parametric plane was divided into four different persistent regions by the transition sets, corresponding to different type of the solutions. When α3 and α4 change anticlockwise, the bifurcation diagrams are completely symmetric about μ axis between I-HS1+-II and IV-HS1--III.

Fig. 5Bifurcation diagrams of transition sets and persistent regions in the α3-α4 plane

Bifurcation diagrams of transition sets and persistent regions in the α3-α4 plane

a) Transition set and its bifurcation diagrams in the α3-α4 plane

Bifurcation diagrams of transition sets and persistent regions in the α3-α4 plane

b) Bifurcation diagrams on different persistent regions in the α3-α4 plane

Figs. 4-5 show that the bifurcation of HSLDS-VIS with elastic base with 1:2 internal resonance are considerable complex. There are qualitative difference of bifurcation diagrams between the different transition sets and persistent regions. If the unfolding parameters lying in the transition sets, a small perturbation is likely to cause a qualitative change in the bifurcation diagrams, which means that are degraded. While the unfolding parameters lying in the persistent regions, any perturbation is unable to cause a qualitative change in the bifurcation diagrams, which means that are universal.

7. Bifurcation analysis in the physical parameter space

Considering the HSLDS-VIS with elastic base under actual engineering background, the unfolding parameters and bifurcation parameters may be constrained by some conditions, which are called boundary induced transition sets. For example, the force amplitude, damping ratio and stiffness coefficient should be non-negative. Therefore, in order to obtain some results for the engineering application, it is essential that the bifurcation analysis is transferred from the unfolding parameter space to the physical parameter space. In this paper, only the transition sets and bifurcation diagrams in the α3-α4 plane are presented, whose physical parameter space consists of σ1, σ2, ξ1 and ξ2. Setting α1=α2=0, one may obtain:

32
σ1=243B12Δ12-32γ4ω16216ω13γ2Δ1, σ2=ω23(16ω16γ4+243B12Δ12)432ω16γ2Δ2.

Substitute Eq. (32) into α3 and α4 in Appendix A2:

33
α3=64ω16ω26γ4B12Δ12-128ω19ω23γ4B1B2Δ1Δ2+64ω112γ4B12Δ22-243ω26B14Δ14324ω26,
α4=64ω112γ6B2Δ2(2ω13B2Δ2-ω23B1Δ1)729ω26.

Substituting Eq. (33) into Σα3-α4, DLS1=Φ and HS1 are obtained in the physical parameter space as follows:

34
H1=σ1=243B12Δ12-32γ4ω16216ω13γ2Δ1, σ2=ω2316ω16γ4+243B12Δ12432ω16γ2Δ2,B1=2ξ2ω12-ξ1ω14-ξ2ω14-ξ2Δ1, B2=2ξ2ω22-ξ1ω24-ξ2ω24-ξ2Δ2,27(64ω16ω26γ4B12Δ12-128ω19ω23γ4B1B2Δ1Δ2+64ω112γ2B12Δ22-243ω26B14Δ14)5=-13107200000(ω148ω26γ24B24Δ24(B1Δ1ω23-2B2Δ2ω13)4).

Setting w=0.3 and γ=0.1, yield k2=10.3529, ω1=0.9387, ω2=1.8774, Δ1=1.0471, Δ2=22.2469, B1=-0.7417ξ1-0.0449ξ2, B2=-0.5584ξ1-0.2865ξ2. Substituting them into Eq. (34), the transition sets in the damping space are obtained, as shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 6Transition set in the damping space

Transition set in the damping space

The analysis should be carried out with considering ξ10 and ξ20 in the actual engineering. Therefore, only the HS11, II, and III are presented. Then, the bifurcation diagrams will also be transferred from the unfolding parameter space to the physical parameter space, whose procedure consists of two steps: first, the bifurcation analysis is transferred from the x-μ plane to the x-f plane, and then, the bifurcation analysis is transferred from the x-f plane to the y2-f plane. A point lying in HS11 is used as an example to illustrate the above process. Setting ξ1=0.05 and substituting it into Eq. (31), yield ξ2=0.49,B1=-0.0437,B2=-0.1696, σ1=0.2713, σ2=0.0514 and μ= –9.234×10-9+5.093×10-9f2, and then, the bifurcation diagrams in the x-f plane are obtained. Considering y2B1Δ1/γω13ω22 and according to (x+4γ2ω13/9)2=ω16ω24γ2y22-B12Δ12, the bifurcation diagrams in the y2-f plane are obtained. The bifurcation diagrams in the physical parameter space are shown in Fig. 7. When (ξ1,ξ2) lying in H11, all of the bifurcation diagrams have a hysteresis point. When (ξ1,ξ2) lying in H11 and region III, the multiple solutions cannot coexist on the system; while (ξ1,ξ2) lying in region II, the same f corresponds to two or three amplitudes in some areas. The system has three different bifurcation behaviors in the physical parameter space, therefore, the beneficial movement mode can be selected by adjusting the parameters, which offers a theoretical guidance for design and application of the HSLD-VIS with elastic base.

Fig. 7Bifurcation diagrams in the physical parameter space

Bifurcation diagrams in the physical parameter space

a)(ξ1,ξ2) lying in H11

Bifurcation diagrams in the physical parameter space

b)(ξ1,ξ2) lying in region III

Bifurcation diagrams in the physical parameter space

c)(ξ1,ξ2) lying in region II

8. Conclusions

In this work, the restoring force of the HSLDS-VIS was approximated to linear and cubic stiffness and the motion equations of HSLDS-VIS with elastic base were established. The averaging method was applied to obtain the single-variable bifurcation equation for the HSLDS-VIS with elastic base in case of primary resonance and 1:2 internal resonance. According to singularity theory, the transition sets and bifurcation diagrams in the unfolding parameter space were studied. For the engineering application, the transition sets were transferred back to the physical parameter space, thus to obtain the bifurcation behaviors of the amplitude with respect to the external force. Analytical results show that local bifurcations of HSLDS-VIS with elastic base in case of 1:2 internal resonance are considerable complex and should be analyzed in engineering with considering the constrained conditions of the physical parameters. Additionally, the excitation force may change the values of unfolding parameters and the types of the bifurcations, which can provide a theoretical guidance for design and application of the HSLDS-VIS with elastic base.

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About this article

Received
07 November 2017
Accepted
27 January 2018
Published
15 August 2018
SUBJECTS
Chaos, nonlinear dynamics and applications
Keywords
high-static-low-dynamic-stiffness (HSLDS)
vibration isolation system (VIS)
elastic base
averaging method
singularity theory
transition set
bifurcation diagram
Acknowledgements

The research leading to these results has received funding from the National Natural Science foundation of China (NSFC) under grant No. 51579242, No. 51509253 and No. 51679245. All the supports mentioned above are gratefully acknowledged.